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Objective To explore the potential common mechanism and active ingredients of Reduning Injection against SARS, MERS and COVID-19 through network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. Methods The TCMSP database was used to retrieve the chemical components and targets of Artemisiae Annuae Herba, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Gardeniae Fructus in Reduning Injection. The gene corresponding to the target was searched by UniProt database, and Cytoscape 3.8.2 was used to build a medicinal material-compound-target (gene) network. Three coronavirus-related targets were collected in the Gene Cards database with the key words of "SARS""MERS" and "COVID-19", and common target of three coronavirus infection diseases were screened out through Venny 2.1.0 database. The common targets of SARS, MERS and COVID-19 were intersected with the targets of Reduning Injection, and the common targets were selected as research targets. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network map were constructed by Cytoscape3.8.2 software after importing the common targets into the STRING database to obtain data. R language was used to carry out GO biological function enrichment analysis and KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis, histograms and bubble charts were drew, and component-target-pathway network diagrams was constructed. The key compounds in the component-target-pathway network were selected for molecular docking with important target proteins, novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) 3CL hydrolase, and angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2). Results 31 active compounds and 207 corresponding targets were obtained from Reduning Injection. 2 453 SARS-related targets, 805 MERS-related targets, 2 571 COVID-19-related targets, and 786 targets for the three diseases. 11 common targets with Reduning Injection: HSPA5, CRP, MAPK1, HMOX1, TGFB1, HSP90AA1, TP53, DPP4, CXCL10, PLAT, PRKACA. GO function enrichment analysis revealed 995 biological processes (BP), 71 molecular functions (MF), and 31 cellular components (CC). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis screened 99 signal pathways (P < 0.05), mainly related to prostate cancer, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, proteoglycans in cancer, lipid and atherosclerosis, human T-cell leukemia virus 1 infection, MAPK signaling pathway, etc. The molecular docking results showed that the three core active flavonoids of quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol in Reduning Injection had good affinity with key targets MAPK1, PRKACA, and HSP90AA1, and the combination of the three active compounds with SARS-CoV-2 3CL hydrolase and ACE2 was less than the recommended chemical drugs. Conclusion Reduning Injection has potential common effects on the three diseases of SARS, MERS and COVID-19. This effect may be related to those active compounds such as quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol acting on targets such as MAPK1, PRKACA, HSP90AA1 to regulate multiple signal pathways and exert anti-virus, suppression of inflammatory storm, and regulation of immune function.Copyright © 2022 Drug Evaluation Research. All rights reserved.
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Understanding a concept that people cannot observe directly in real life is always challenging in education. It could be even more difficult for public health education topics such as viruses or bacteria. However, public health education is critical for understanding the knowledge of the virus in the age of COVID-19. Thus, this paper proposes a distributed mixed reality environment to enhance public health education in the internet of things (IoT) context. We introduce the design methodology based on the mixed reality interaction characteristics, the implementation, and the initial evaluation. © 2023 Author(s).
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Leading up to its landing on Mars on February 18, 2021, the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover Surface Mission Operations System (MOS) underwent a verification and validation (V&V) campaign consisting of a series of Super Thread Tests and Operational Readiness Tests. This V&V campaign emphasized incremental testing, mission scenario and capability coverage, and the Test-As-You-Fly approach wherever possible. Although the elements that comprise the Surface System underwent their own internal V&V campaigns, the system-level tests were vital in uncovering findings observable only through the integrated and flight-like nature of these Surface Mission Operations System V & V tests. The COVID-19 pandemic posed additional challenges, including limited facility access, constrained in-person activities, changes to operations paradigms, and evolving safety protocols in the midst of the testing campaign and preparation for surface operations. This paper describes the Verification and Validation campaign of the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Surface Mission Operations System that led to the readiness for rover operations on Mars. © 2023 IEEE.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has claimed millions of lives and caused innumerable economic losses worldwide. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art treatments still lag behind the continual emergence of new variants. Key to resolving this issue is developing antivirals to deactivate coronaviruses regardless of their structural evolution. Here, we report an innovative antiviral strategy involving extracellular disintegration of viral proteins with hyperanion-grafted enediyne (EDY) molecules. The core EDY generates reactive radical species and causes significant damage to the spike protein of coronavirus, while the hyperanion groups ensure negligible cytotoxicity of the molecules. The EDYs exhibit antiviral activity down to nanomolar concentrations, and the selectivity index of up to 20,000 against four kinds of human coronavirus, including the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, suggesting the high potential of this new strategy in combating the COVID-19 pandemic and a future "disease X."
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Background The continued spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains an international public health emergency, resulting in a significant global disease burden. The long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and the long-term prognosis of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) after discharge remain unclear. We aimed to assess the quality of life (QoL) and sequelae in patients with COVID-19 after discharge from the hospital by conducting multiple follow-up visits to understand the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 on patients' health and its possible influencing factors. Methods COVID-19 patients discharged from Huoshenshan Hospital (Wuhan, China) between February 15 and April 5, 2020, were followed up at 6, 9, and 12 months after discharge. They completed questionnaires on postdischarge QoL and sequelae under the guidance of medical staff with professional training. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the COVID-19 patients were analyzed using descriptive statistics. A generalized estimating equation model was used to analyze the QoL-related factors. The χ2 test (or Fisher exact test) and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the sequelae and influencing factors. Results A total of 175 patients participated in at least 1 follow-up visit, and 120 completed all 3 follow-up visits. Patients diagnosed with severe and critically ill COVID-19 had worse mental conditions (χ2 = 7.653, P = 0.022) than those with the nonsevere type (not severe or critical) and were more likely to feel fatigued (χ2 = 4.836, P = 0.028). Female patients had a higher risk of sleep disturbance (χ2 = 10.026, P = 0.002) and dyspnea (χ2 = 5.672, P = 0.017) and had more difficulty returning to their original work and life (χ2 = 8.922, P = 0.003) than male patients. Patients with diabetes had a worse appetite (χ2 = 4.669, P = 0.031) and were more prone to sleep disturbance (χ2 = 4.417, P = 0.036) after discharge. The proportion of patients with at least 1 sequela increased from 29.76% (50/168) at 6 months to 51.11% (69/135) at 9 months (χ2 = 14.305, P < 0.001). Compared with the nonsevere type, patients diagnosed with severe and critically ill COVID-19 had an odds ratio (OR) of 4.325 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.215-15.401) for memory decline. Female patients had an OR of 4.632 (95% CI, 1.716-12.501) for joint or muscle pain. Patients with hypertension had an OR of 3.014 (95% CI, 1.193-7.615) for joint or muscle pain. Conclusion One year after discharge, there were still some patients with varying degrees of decline in QoL and sequelae, which occurred in all follow-up visits. Moreover, QoL and sequelae after discharge were related to sex, clinical classification of COVID-19, and underlying diseases. © Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The COVID-19 outbreak may have some impact on the use of biologics in psoriatic patients because immunosuppressive effects of biologics may potentially alter the susceptibility of patients to the virus, deteriorate the condition of infected patients or even change the prognosis of infection. According to currently available recommendations from international psoriasis academic organizations and specialists, as well as specific situation in China, the authors provide some guidance on the use of biologics for psoriatic patients undergoing or planning to undergo treatment with biologics, those with low or high risk of infection, and for those with or without COVID-19 infection, so as to provide references for clinical practice.Copyright © 2020 by the Chinese Medical Association.
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Telemedicine has long been of interest to the U.S. general public. Yet, despite the advent of high-speed internet and mobile device technology, telemedicine did not reach its full potential until the COVID-19 pandemic spurred its unparalleled adoption. This sudden shift in the setting of healthcare delivery raises questions regarding possible changes in clinical decision-making. Using a unique set of patient-provider encounter data from the U.S. in 2020 and 2021, we examine the effect of telemedicine on antibiotic prescription errors for urinary tract infections. After accounting for potential endogeneity issues using provider fixed effects and an instrumental variable approach, we find a significantly lower likelihood of prescription errors with telemedicine relative to in-person encounters. We also find heterogeneous effects by a provider's patient volume and the patient-provider relationship. © 2023 IEEE Computer Society. All rights reserved.
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We analyze crude oil's dependence and the risk spillover effect on the Chinese stock market and the gold market. We compare both static and dynamic copula functions and calculate the average upward and downward spillover effect using the time-varying Copula model and the conditional value-at-risk approach. By utilizing daily data on crude oil prices, China's stock market, and the gold market, we observe an asymmetric spillover effect: the downside spillover effects from crude oil prices on the Chinese stock market and gold market are larger than the upside spillover effect. We then identify changes in the structure of the sample periods and calculate the dynamic conditional correlation between them. In addition, we explore the optimal weight and hedge ratios in diversified portfolios to mitigate potential risks. Our results suggest that investors and portfolio managers should frequently adjust their portfolio strategies, particularly during extreme events like COVID-19, when financial assets become more volatile. Furthermore, crude oil can help reduce the risk in the Chinese stock market and gold market to some extent during different sub-periods. © 2023 by the authors.
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Monitoring respiration is vital for personal diagnosis of chronic diseases. However, the existing respiratory sensors have severe limitations, such as single function, finite detection parameters, and lack of smart signal analysis. Here, we present an integrated wearable and low-cost smart respiratory monitoring sensor (RMS) system with artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted diagnosis of respiratory abnormality by detecting multi-parameters of human respiration. Coupling with intelligent analysis and data mining algorithms embedded in a phone app, the lighter system of 7.3 g can acquire real-time self-calibrated parameters, including breathing frequency, apnea hypopnea index (AHI), vital capacity (VC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and other respiratory indexes with an accuracy >95.21%. The data can be wirelessly transferred to the user's data cloud terminal. The RMS system enables comprehensive multi-physiological parameters analysis for auxiliary diagnosing and classifying diseases, including sleep apnea, rhinitis, and chronic lung diseases, as well as rehabilitation of COVID-19, and exhibits advantages of portable healthcare. © 2022 The Authors
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Objective: To investigate the clinical value of outpatient screening in department of general surgery during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Method(s): The retrospective and descriptive study was conducted. The clinical data of 57 patients who visited surgery clinic and emergency department of Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology between February 1st and 26th in 2020 were collected. There were 30 males and 27 females, aged (53+/-16)years, with a range from 17 to 87 years. All the 57 patients were measured score of outpatient screening in department of general surgery. The score >=3 indicated high risk and the score < 3 indicated low risk. Observation indicators: (1) clinical data of patients;(2) score of outpatient screening for COVID-19 of patients. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean+/-SD, and comparison between groups was analyzed by the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were described as M (IQR), and comparison between groups was analyzed by the rank sum test. Count data were described as absolute numbers, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the chi-square test. Result(s): (1) Clinical data of patients: of the 57 patients, there were 12 males and 14 females of the 26 confirmed or suspected cases, versus 18 males and 13 females of the 31 non-infection cases, showing no significant difference between the two groups (chi2=0.805, P>0.05). The 26 confirmed or suspected cases of COVID-19 had an age of (57+/-16)years, and 31 non-infection cases had an age of (50+/-16) years, with no significant difference between the two groups (t=-1.646, P>0.05). (2) Score of outpatient screening for COVID-19 of patients: the score of outpatient screening for COVID-19 of the 26 confirmed or suspected cases was 3.0(4.0), versus 1.0(1.0) of the 31 non-infection cases, showing a significant difference between the two groups (Z=-3.695, P<0.05). There were 17 and 9 of the 26 confirmed or suspected cases with high risks and low risks, respectively, versus 3 and 28 of the 31 non-infection cases, with a significant difference between the two groups (chi2=19.266, P<0.05). Conclusion(s): During the COVID-19 outbreak, outpatient screening in department of general surgery can effectively screen out high-risk patients.Copyright © 2020 by the Chinese Medical Association.
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We construct time-varying tail risk networks to investigate systemic risk spillovers in the Belt and Road (B&R) stock markets during 2008–2021. Network metrics clearly reflect aggregate risk level and individual risk accumulation for the B&R stock markets under extreme events (e.g., 2008 financial crisis and COVID-19 pandemic). Tail-event driven network quantile regression analysis shows that network impacts of the B&R stock markets under different risk levels are asymmetric and regional heterogeneity. Panel analysis on determinants of systemic risk spillovers shows that cross-border investment and international trade are significant contagion channels while economic freedom is potential driver. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
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This article examines the Chinese assessment of and responses toward the Japanese "Free and Open Indo-Pacific" (FOIP) Concept against the background of evolving Sino-Japanese relations. Addressing both its security and economic concerns, the FOIP is Tokyo's top-level regional strategy design in the context of China's rise. The development of the Japanese FOIP has been fluctuating with the evolution of Sino-Japanese relations and the emerging Sino-U.S. strategic contest over the past decade. The complexity and the fluid nature of the Japanese FOIP has prompted varying assessments and policy recommendations among Chinese analysts, which can be roughly divided into three categories: The hardline approach, the hedging approach, and the docking approach. Meanwhile, remarks of Chinese officials on the Japanese FOIP remain elusive, carefully differentiating between the Indo-Pacific strategy of the United States and that of Japan. All of these aspects reveal the complexity and flexibility of China's policies. The COVID-19 pandemic and the recent domestic changes of Japan and the U.S. have further complicated geopolitical and geoeconomic tensions. As a consequence, the Sino-Japanese relationship has become awkward once again. © 2023, Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. All rights reserved.
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Introduction: Acute kidney injury, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia with multiple organ thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) are typical characteristic presentation of Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome(aHUS). Infection, pregnancy, operation, and some medication can be a trigger factor to induce the complement system over activation and induce atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome unstable to a life-threatening condition. Both SARS-CoV-2(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) infection and COVID 19 vaccination are reported to be the trigger factors for aHUS. There are no clinical trial enrolled aHUS cases to COVID 19 vaccine or anti SARS-CoV2 agent. Therefore, aHUS became a tough medical issue in this pandemic status. In this study, we evaluate the efficacy and disease activity of aHUS after COVID 19 vaccination. Meanwhile, we analysis the severity of COVID 19 infection in our 21 aHUS cases. Method(s): There are 21 aHUS cases enrolled this study from April 2022 to September 2022. Each cases with regular blood sampling which include hemolysis markers (Hemoglobin, Platelet count, LDH, CH50, haptoglobin, Blood smear), renal function and urine analysis every months. While them had COVID 19 vaccination or COVID 19 infection, the above blood sampling and urine analysis should be followed up two weeks later. Once the aHUS cases became severe condition and need hospitalization, our medical team must visit these cases closely and monitor if any new critical issue happen. We confirmed the serum SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG and Interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) release assay testing for the vaccination efficacy analysis. Result(s): 21 aHUS cases all had COVID 19 vaccination, 2 cases received 1 dose vaccine, 6 cases received 2 doses vaccine and 13 cases received 3 doses vaccine. Only one case with aHUS unstable after Moderna vaccine injection which is self-limited gradually and didn't need extra dose of anti-complement therapy. Interestingly, this case with stable aHUS disease activity while he switches to Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine as his 2nd dose. The SARS CoV-2 Spike IgG level and IFNgamma level are corelated to the dosage of COVID 19 vaccination, the higher doses with the higher level. The SARS-CoV2 spike IgG and IFNgamma level without lower response to the group with regular anti-C5 treatment. For those complete three dose vaccination cases, mix type of COVID-19 vaccination (AZ/mRNA) with better efficacy trend to fix type of mRNA. During this study period, there are 4 cases with COVID 19 infection. One case (already had 2 doses COVID 19 vaccination) needed hospitalization and improved after remdesivir and dexamethasone treatment who with mild aHUS disease activity progression. Two cases (complete three doses COVID 19 vaccination) with stable aHUS disease activity after Molnupiravir treatment. One case (complete three doses COVID 19 vaccination) refused Molnupiravir treatment and had mild aHUS disease activity progression. Conclusion(s): According to our study, we recommend the aHUS patient to have COVID 19 vaccination and multiple doses are more protective for them. aHUS disease activity should be close monitor especially after COVID 19 vaccination, during COVID 19 infection and after COVID 19 infection. Remdesivir and Molmupiravir are relative safe to use for aHUS cases. No conflict of interestCopyright © 2023
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The connection between enterprises is an important part of urban connection. Strengthening the analysis of urban functional network based on the connection between enterprises is of great significance to enrich the theoretical research of urban network. Based on the trade relationship data between listed companies and their top five customers from 2010 to 2020, this paper constructs China's urban network, and analyzes the spatio- temporal evolution characteristics of urban network based on the perspective of trade links between enterprises. The research shows that: ① From 2010 to 2020, the urban network scale shows the characteristics of first rising and then falling, and the overall network density is low, ranging from 0.014 to 0.018. The center of gravity of the network presents the trend of "S" - shaped spatial trajectory change and overall southward movement.This feature is consistent with the trend of China's economic center moving southward in recent years. The overall spatial structure of the network changes from coastal to "T" - shaped structure. This feature is consistent with the "T" strategy of China's land development. ② The network traffic is concentrated in a few node cities. The total amount of capital in and out of the top 20 cities accounts for 71.9% of the total capital flow. Beijing and Shanghai are the absolute core of the network. The provincial capitals or sub provincial cities such as Hangzhou, Wuhan, Shenzhen and Guangzhou assume the function of regional centers. Foshan, Qiqihar, Nantong and other manufacturing developed cities are important nodes. It indicates that trade links are more likely to occur in cities with high administrative levels or developed industries. ③ The Pearl River Delta has the highest network density, which is between 0.324 and 0.334. The Yangtze River Delta has the highest total trade flow, which is 78.35 billion yuan. Although the networking level of urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Chengdu Chongqing urban agglomeration is relatively low, they have become an important force to promote the evolution of network structure. ④ The COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the trade flow and network structure of the overall network. The network associations have been further divided and reorganized. The Guangzhou Shenzhen associations have been significantly strengthened. It shows that Guangzhou and Shenzhen have a strong combination effect. The Shanghai associations have been significantly weakened. The research results have a certain reference value for promoting the construction of domestic big cycle and unified big market. © 2023 Journal of Geo-Information Science. All rights reserved.
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The k-vertex cut (k-VC) problem belongs to the family of the critical node detection problems, which aims to find a minimum subset of vertices whose removal decomposes a graph into at least k connected components. It is an important NP-hard problem with various real-world applications, e.g., vulnerability assessment, carbon emissions tracking, epidemic control, drug design, emergency response, network security, and social network analysis. In this article, we propose a fast local search (FLS) approach to solve it. It integrates a two-stage vertex exchange strategy based on neighborhood decomposition and cut vertex, and iteratively executes operations of addition and removal during the search. Extensive experiments on both intersection graphs of linear systems and coloring/DIMACS graphs are conducted to evaluate its performance. Empirical results show that it significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art (SOTA) algorithms in terms of both solution quality and computation time in most of the instances. To evaluate its generalization ability, we simply extend it to solve the weighted version of the k-VC problem. FLS also demonstrates its excellent performance. IEEE
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During COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic, almost everyone wears a mask to prevent the spread of virus. It raises a problem that the traditional face recognition model basically fails in the scene of face-based identity verification, such as security check, community visit check-in, etc. Therefore, it is imminent to boost the performance of masked face recognition. Most recent advanced face recognition methods are based on deep learning, which heavily depends on a large number of training samples. However, there are presently no publicly available masked face recognition datasets, especially real ones. To this end, this work proposes three types of masked face datasets, including Masked Face Detection Dataset (MFDD), Real-world Masked Face Recognition Dataset (RMFRD) and Synthetic Masked Face Recognition Dataset (SMFRD). Besides, we conduct benchmark experiments on these three datasets for reference. As far as we know, we are the first to publicly release large-scale masked face recognition datasets that can be downloaded for free at https://github.com/X-zhangyang/Real-World-Masked-Face-Dataset.. IEEE
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The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic reminds human beings of the challenging nature of the virus SARS-CoV-2. Likewise, bacterial resistance constitutes another potential threat to human health globally. It is the time to prepare for the worst scenario that antibiotic-resistant pathogens could cause 10 million deaths by 2050. Six major types of bacterial pathogens are abbreviated as ESKAPE (i.e., gram-positive Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) due to their capability of escaping the action of conventional antibiotics. These pathogens utilize different mechanisms to mitigate the killing effects of antibiotics. To identify potent antimicrobials, numerous approaches are under exploration. This chapter summarizes antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), their engineered analogs, synthetic mimics, conjugates, combinations, formulated nanoparticles, and surface immobilized forms that have demonstrated activity against the ESKAPE pathogens. Also discussed are mechanisms of bacterial killing, and the potential of AMPs as future antibiotics. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Problem definition: This study addresses three important questions concerning the effectiveness of stay-at-home orders and sociodemographic disparities. (1) What is the average effect of the orders on the percentage of residents staying at home? (2) Is the effect heterogeneous across counties with different percentages of vulnerable populations (defined as those without health insurance or who did not attend high school)? (3) If so, why are the orders less effective for some counties than for others? Academic/practical relevance: To combat the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a number of states in the United States implemented stay-at-home orders that prevent residents from leaving their homes except for essential trips. These orders have drawn heavy criticism from the public because whether they are necessary and effective in increasing the number of residents staying at home is unclear. Methodology: We estimate the average effect of the orders using a difference-in-differences model, where the control group is the counties that did not implement the orders and the treatment group is the counties that did implement the orders during our study period. We estimate the heterogeneous effects of the orders by interacting county features with treatment dummies in a triple-difference model. Results: Using a unique set of mobile device data that track residents' mobility, we find that, although some residents already voluntarily stayed at home before the implementation of any order, the stay-at-home orders increased the number of residents staying at home by 2.832 percentage points (or 11.25%). We also find that these orders are less effective for counties with higher percentages of uninsured or less educated (i.e., did not attend high school) residents. To explore the mechanisms behind these results, we analyze the effect of the orders on the average number of work and nonwork trips per person. We find that the orders reduce the number of work trips by 0.053 (or 7.87%) and nonwork trips by 0.183 (or 6.50%). The percentage of uninsured or less educated residents in a county negatively correlates with the reduction in the number of work trips but does not correlate with the reduction in the number of nonwork trips. Managerial implications: Our results suggest that uninsured and less educated residents are less likely to follow the orders because their jobs prevent them from working from home. Policy makers must take into account the differences in residents' socioeconomic status when developing new policies or allocating limited healthcare resources. © 2021 INFORMS.
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Virtual Reality is a computer-programmed environment where the user can feel and immerse themselves in their surroundings with scenes and objects that appear to be real but actually fake. Right now, Virtual Reality technology is starting to become more popular not only by the people who use it for entertainment purposes, but also popular for the business companies. During the Covid-19 Pandemic, all businesses in Tourism like Taman Safari Indonesia were having trouble getting visitors. Not only that, there are also visitors who couldn't visit the park due to their locations being far away from the park locations. In this study, the researchers will implement this Virtual Reality into the Taman Safari Bogor Tour Business in order to increase their visitors by using enterprise architecture. The researchers at this study used the Essential Enterprise Architecture framework model, because in the Essential Enterprise Architecture framework, it helps explain the Business Architecture, Information System Architecture, and the Information Technology Architecture that will be needed in the Virtual Reality implementation phase. With the implementation of the Virtual Reality Tour into the Taman Safari Indonesia Tourism Industry, it could helped solve the low visitors come due to Covid-19 Pandemic and also gives an opportunity to gather more visitors who lives far away from the park locations including visitors from other country. © 2022 IEEE.